Otto B. Wiersma |
2 Dec 2008 – 19 Jan 2009 (last update) |
abstracts home |
. . . . . . . domain-types |
factors |
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in-group { action-group } good guys perpetrators |
out-group { target-group } enemies victims |
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geological / geographical |
(scarcity of) water, land, food, commodities |
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biological |
neurological presets |
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predator (PBD-complex1) body action rewards (dopaminic response) |
prey |
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racial differences |
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psychological |
survival behavior emotions motivations force-fascination resentment fear for threat cognitive dissonance cognitive shifts aversive > restorative reactions strong/weak personalities opportunistic selfishness desensitization dissociations2 dissolving identity deindividuated aggression sadism (minority) psychopathic (minority) PTSD (20-30%)3 |
devaluation dehumanization instrumentalization objectification |
sociological |
ethnical differences4 national differences cultural differences class-imbalances |
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ethnocentrism xenophobia charismatic leadership extreme leaders totalistic organization conformism (majority) following orders (in)tolerance overcrowding tribe-binding rapid social change social order-shifts social trust crowd/mob rules social pressure |
discrimination segregation scapegoat (target-group to be blamed, also generalized blaming of the group for the behavior of some members) blaming the victim |
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linguistical (metaphorical) |
rhetorics (e.g. we are superior to..) violence as ‘job’, ‘work’, ‘cleansing’ |
infection virus venim |
ethical |
(un)just normative shifts moral disengagement moral responsibility guilt levels |
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juridical |
(il)legal (un)sanctioned local laws internationa laws human rights |
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lawpreserving – lawmaking criminality crimes against humanity |
law-protection |
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economical |
different job-positions different wealth |
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poverty as recruiting ground | ||
political |
different group-numbers different levels of power |
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governmental control (or lack of..) institutions (police, military) strong/weak states ideological claims on the public sphere |
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historical |
context-formation (e.g. Dutch colonial rule and pillarization in Indonesia) dynamics of change (e.g. tipping points and shifts in forms of violence) contingency |
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religious |
identity, authority and boundaries of religious institutions apocalyptic views belief above life afterlife rewards |
accused of ‘forced conversion’ of in-group members |
philosophical |
different worldviews, belief systems, ideologies, utopian myths |
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conceptual shifts redefining reality v. as product (singular, episodic) or process (cumulative and boundless) v. as ends or means constructive character destructive – creative tragic character of v. |